EFFECT OF GARLIC AND/OR ONION ON THE PRODUCTION AND PERFORMANCE OF GOATS

 

AZZA M. KAMAL AND  S. A. AWADALLA*

 

Animal Health Research Institute ,Dokki, Giza, * Fac. Vet. Med. Cairo Univ.

 

ABSTRACT

Completely randomized design was functioned to study the effect of supplementing different levels of onion and garlic to Zaraibi goat rations on the animal production and performance. Twelve pregnant Zaraibi does averaged 45 Kg live body weight (LBW) and aged 3 – 4 years were divided into four equal groups according to the rations received: The first group received a control ration free from feed additives. The 2nd,3rd and 4th groups received 20 Kg/ton onion , 20 Kg /ton garlic and 20 Kg onion +20 Kg garlic /ton; respectively . The control basal ration consisted of 31% rice straw + 20% Berseem hay + 49% concentrate feed mixture(6.8% wheat bran-29% yellow corn-12% soybean meal and 1.2% lime stone, salt, mineral and vitamin premix. Animals were fed according to NRC(1981) allowances for goats. Onion and garlic supplementation of goat resulted in a significant decrease of rumen pH (at 6 hrs post feeding) and also ruminal NH3-N (at 3 hrs post feeding) rather than control, while TVFA are significantly increased (at 6 hrs post feeding). Results showed significant improvement in feed intake in all supplemented groups. The average daily milk yield was significantly higher for all groups received additives in their rations compared with those of the control group . On the other hand, there was a non significant change in fat ,total solids ,crude protein ,lactose and ash percentages of milk between groups. Does showed less weight loss at the end of experimental period . Results revealed that onion and/or garlic increased the concentration of plasma total protein and increased WBCs counts/ml but RBCs counts/ml decreased in comparison with the control one. Also data illustrate a significant decrease in the level of serum cholesterol , HDL cholesterol , triglyceride and glucose .    

 

INTRODUCTION

Numerous therapeutic and prophylactic properties have been ascribed to garlic (Allium sativum) and onion (Allium capa L.) for thousands of years, dating from such ancient civilizations as the Egyptians, Greeks and Chinese (Kendler, 1987).Old drug industry depended upon the raw material of medicinal herbs and plants and their extracts which proved safe always. This has prompted considerable research, especially relating to cardiovascular diseases. Using medicinal herbs and plants as feed additives to ruminants seems to be a recent trend depending on availability and their cost but using them with monogastric animals and birds, as pharmaceutical tool is available. A recent human intervention trail showed that selenized garlic (Se-garlic) is verry effective in mammary cancer chemo prevention in the rat model, (Ip et al., 2000). In this connection, (Dewit et al., 1979) mentioned that garlic and onion has a stimulating effect on gastric system, (Rode et al., 1989) found that garlic extract has bactericidal effects against gram negative organisms tested. Also Allium sativum (garlic) oil had the anthelmintic activity on common poultry worms Ascaridia galli and Hetrakis gallinae , (Kavindra et al., 2000).

(Kshemkalyani et al.,1990) found that allicine and extracts of garlic had an inhibiting effect on the growth of fungi producing aflatoxins, (Aqel et al., 1991), concluded the garlic juice has a direct relaxating effect on smooth muscles and cardiac muscles. and (Hanafy et al., 1994) found that lead concentrations were reduced in muscles and liver tissues of chickens given garlic . (Horton et al.,1991) revealed that garlic is frequently added to dog and cat foods to improve palatability and there is a long history of horse trainers adding garlic to increase intake and improve performance of racing animals. (Horton et al., 1991) studied the effect of garlic (Allium sativum) 0,1000,1500,3000,and 10000 mg/kg on feed intake of horses, sheep and pigs, They found that garlic increased feed palatability in horses, but not daily feed intake or serum lipids in sheep or pigs , nor performance in pigs or digestibility in sheep . Onion and garlic had a valuable nutrients such as vitamins, minerals and essential amino and fatty acids (Hariedy , 1977). Onion and garlic undersesed and waste or widely  suggested to use in animal feeding to stimulate growth (Koremura et al. ,1984 Osman et al.1997 and El-feel  et al., 1999). Also, onion has beneficial effect in lowering the level of cholesterol in blood plasma or serum of domestic fowls (Abdo et al., 1983 and El-Nawawi 1991). Moreover, Osman et al. (1997) indicated that addition of dried onion to the diet of broiler increased its feed intake ,and has a significant effect on the glycogen reserve and ATP as  activity in breast muscle based on pH value after 24 hrs of slaughtering . In addition, onion can improve the keeping quality of breast muscle.

This study planned to investigate the effect of using garlic and/or onion as feed additives on the production , performance and some biochemical parameters in Zarabi goats .

 

 

 

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Twelve Zaraibi goats at the last two months of gestation were obtained from  Agriculture Research center, Kafr El- Sheik. Their average live body weight was 45Kg and their age ranged from 3-4 years. Animals divided into four equal groups:1stgroup received a concentrate mixture without any additives, while the 2nd,3rd and 4th group received 20 Kg/ton onion , 20 Kg/ton garlic and 20 Kg onion +20 Kg garlic/ton ;respectively .The control group fed a ration consisted of 31% rice straw +20% Berseem as fresh or hay +49% concentrate feed mixture with no additives. The concentrate feed mixture consisted of 6.8% wheat bran, 29% yellow corn, 12% soybean meal, 1.2% lime stone, salt , mineral and vitamin premix as present in table (1).

 

Table (1): Composition and calculated analysis of the experimental diets:

Feed ingredients %

Calculated analysis %

-Rice straw                             31%

-Hay                                        20%

-Wheat bran                            6.8%

-Yellow corn                           29%

-Soybean meal(44%)               12%

-Lime stone, salt, mineral and vitamin

premix   1.2%

-DM                    9.8%

-CP                      14%

-CF                      19%

-EE                      2.7%

-NFE                    54.5% 

-TDN                    67%

-ME                       8.8  M.cal.

 

Feeding requirements were adjusted biweekly according to weight changes and milk production. Animals were fed twice a day, while water and minerals block salts were provided free as the animals need. Animals were weighed regularly along the experimental period as in table (2) .

 

 

Table (2): Chemical composition of ration ingredients:

Ingredients           Moisture      CP          CF       EE       Ash        Ca         P      

-Onion                    87.46         1.63      1.30      0.37    0.74       0.05       0.03

-Garlic                    78.79        3.14      1.36       0.95    0.78        0.05      0.06    

-Hay                         7.30         12.50   31.20     1.70    5.72        1.35      0.19

-Wheat bran             7.75         15.50   10.50     4.00    5.35        0.17      1.05

-Barley                     6.82         10.00     4.50     2.50    5.91        0.07      0.35

-Yellow corn           7.35           8.70      1.95     3.50    7.20        0.03      0.20

-Soybean meal        6.35         41.75     6.90      1.50    6.75        0.31      0.53

When animals were weighting, rumen liquor samples were collected using rubber stomach tube from each animal before feeding , 3,6,9 hrs after feeding  to determine ruminal pH by using an E 512 type pH meter (Mecrohm Herisau, Switzerland), Total volatile fatty acids (TVFA) according to Warner (1964) and ammonia –N concentration according to Conway method (1962) . Also, blood samples were taken and the serum was obtained for determination of cholesterol according to Allian et al. (1974) , HDL cholesterol according to Kostner, (1976), Triglycerides by the method of Wahlefeled, (1974), Glucose according to the method of Dubowski , (1962), Total protein by the method of Doumas,(1975). Also at the same time blood samples were taken with EDETA for determination of RBCs and WBCs counts as described by Wintrobe, (1961).

Representative feed  samples were analyzed for dry matter , crude protein , ether extract , crude fiber and ash according to A.O,A.C. (1990) .

Milk fat content was determined according to Gerber methods as described by Ling (1956).

Data analyzed statistically according to  Petrie and Watson ,(1999).

 

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

Table (3) revealed that onion and garlic inclusion in goat rations did not significantly affect ruminal pH values in the experimental animal groups . It could be noticed that the ruminal pH value using all experimental rations decreased gradually till 6 hrs , post feeding (PF), then gradually increased at  9 hr PF, this result may be attributed to the other factors like saliva or to the residual effects of treatment. Our results are paralleled with those of Khalifa (1972) , Komaki et al.(1974), Abdel-Aziz (1985) and Allam et al.(1999).

 

Table (3): Effect of Onion and Garlic on some rumen liquor parameters.

Item

Hrs post

Feeding

Group 1

Group 2

Group 3

Group 4

PH

0

3

6

9

6.46±0.58

5.68±0.45

5.48±0.35

6.05±0.44

6.44±0.54

5.65±0.56

5.46±0.43*

6.00±0.57

6.46±0.55

5.70±0.52

5.50±0.53*

6.05±0.46

6.43±0.34

5.65±0.32

5.46±0.34*

6.02±0.32

Ammonia mg/100ml

0

3

6

9

28.09±3.02

36.89±2.67 33.09±2.55

30.25±2.37

29.03±3.01

37.75±2.54*  34.77±2.66

31.52±2.59

28.54±2.64

36.42±2.35*

33.90±2.44

30.52±3.12

28.11±2.44

36.54±3.54*

33.84±3.25

30.65±2.55

T.V.F.A. meq/100 ml

0

3

6

9

8.81±0.89

9.11±0.90

10.20±0.80

9.52±0.91

8.82±0.75

9.14±0.85

10.35±0.91*

9.40±0.90

8.80±0.92

9.15±0.84

10.30±0.94*

9.55±0.75

8.79±0.87

9.15±0.96

10.55±0.75*

9.52±0.84

*: sig. at p<0.05  between time in each group.

 

Values of Ammonia-N, revealed that there is a non significant changes between groups. Concerning the effect of sampling time in each group, it should be noticed that Ammonia- N concentrations were increased at 3-hrs PF to reach the peak for all treatments then decreased (Table 3) . Higher concentration of Ammonia-N determined at 3 hrs PF might be due to the effect of fermentation process on degradation of crude protein to Ammonia-N after feeding. These results agree with those reported by Steger et al. (1970), Abdel Hafez (1983), Mohamed, (1998) . Mousa et al. (1998) and El-Feel et al. (1999), They reported that Ammonia –N concentrations in the rumen liquid were minimum before feeding and increased to maximum level at 3 hrs post feeding then decreased at 6 hrs post feeding. Our obtained data for NH3-N  simulate those given by  Steger et al. (1970), Abdel Hafez (1983) and Allam et al. (1999).

Results in table (3) showed that there is a non significant change between groups of TVFA but in each group there is a significantly increase  of their concentration at 6 hrs post feeding , this  might indicate a stimulated rumen microfloral activity through one or more of the following: a) decreasing number and activity of antagonistic organisms. b) saving some important microfactors to rumen microflora as microelements , vitamins , hormones , enzymes or unknown factors which are required to the efficient digestion, absorption and metabolism and available as effective groups or components in onion and garlic. c) decreasing hazards of mycotoxins by inhibition of fungal growth and aflatoxin production.

Data in table (4) illustrate that onion and garlic added to the ration significantly increased daily milk yield ,  This may be due to the improvement of DMI, digestibility and nutritive value of supplemental ration. (Allam et al.,1999). Also, Khaled (2001) found that the conversion of nutrients to milk is in general more efficient in goats as expressed by quantity , quality and milk composition. Data also in each group revealed that Fat%, Total solids% decrease gradually from 7 days till 60 days after birth , But crude protein % and lactose% gradually increased from 7 days  till 60 days after birth , This result agree with Allam, et al. (1999).

Data in table (5) clearly indicate that the inclusion of onion and garlic in the ration noticeably increased feed intake in all examined groups . These results might be due to garlic and onion additives that affect the hypothalamus gland to stimulate hungriness center in the brain and increase the desire for eating. This findings agree with Dewit et al. (1979) who mentioned that garlic and onion acts as gastric stimulant and Allam et al. (1999) show that medicinal herbs and plants as garlic increase feed intake .

Data in table (5) indicate that does weight in all groups decreased gradually during 60 days suckling period, a finding attributed to negative nutrient balance especially energy after kidding.


 

 

Table (4): Effect of Onion and Garlic on milk production and composition.

Item

Times after

birth (days)

Group  1

Group  2

Group  3

Group  4

Daily milk

yield (Kg)

7

15

30

60

0.80±0.064

0.95±0.055

1.10±0.09

1.15±0.11

1.15±0.09 **

1.25±0.12

1.45±0.19

  1.72±0.16

0.95±0.10 **

1.24±0.12

1.35±0.15

1.68±0.17

1.18±0.09 **

1.30±0.11

1.50±0.13

1.81±0.17

Fat %

7

15

30

60

4.25±0.50

4.00±0.45

3.75±0.40

3.13±0.35

4.20±0.33

3.85±0.35

3.50±0.25

2.95±0.30

4.00±0.44

3.75±0.40

3.50±0.34

3.00±0.33

4.15±0.25

4.00±0.30

3.59±0.25

2.90±0.26

 

Total Solids %

7

15

30

60

12.50±1.38

12.05±2.05 

11.70±2.01 

11.07±1.55

12.25±2.33

12.00±1.75

11.65±1.66

11.05±1.90

12.25±2.50

12.00±2.45

11.50±3.12

11.00±2.10

12.50±1.03

12.05±1.05

11.55±1.11 

10.95±1.01

Crude Protein %

7

15

30

60

2.25±0.21

2.50±0.33

3.00±0.23

3.59±0.41

2.50±0.25

2.95±0.35

3.25±0.39

3.50±0.42

2.75±0.30

3.00±0.41

3.25±0.35

3.63±0.45

2.55±0.21

2.95±0.24

3.25±0.26

3.55±0.21 

Lactose %

7

15

30

60

3.25±0.29

3.75±0.33

4.00±0.45

4.18±0.34

3.20±0.22

3.50±0.34

3.75±0.24

4.15±0.34

3.25±0.21

3.70±0.34

3.95±0.32

4.17±0.35

3.50±0.35

3.75±0.41

3.90±0.32

4.10±0.22

Ash %

7

15

30

60

0.75±0.06

0.80±0.06

0.81±0.07

0.81±0.05

0.80±0.06

0.81±0.04

0.82±0.02

0.81±0.04

0.80±0.03

0.81±0.04

0.82±0.02

0.82±0.03

0.82±0.02

0.81±0.03

0.82±0.04

0.82±0.03

N.B.: Slight odour in milk in group 3

**: sig. at p<0.05 between examined group

 

 

Table (5): Average live body weight changes of Zaraibi goats.

Item

Group 1

Group 2

Group 3

Group 4

-Initial weight (Kg)

-Feed intake g/h/d

-Weight at 24 hrs post kidding

-Live body weight after 15 days of kidding

-Live body weight after 30

 days of kidding

-Live body weight after 60 days of kidding

 

45.00

750.50

38.250

35.500

 

33.500

 

32.125

 

44.50

825.50

37.500

35.00

 

33.250

 

32.100

43.750

810.250

36.750

33.250

 

32.150

 

31.00

44.250

815.500

36.500

34.150

 

32.500

 

31.200

 

Table (6) revealed that onion and garlic significantly increased the concentration of plasma total protein in comparison with the control. This results are in agreement  with those of El –feel et al.(1999) who found that plasma total protein values in Buffalo and Friesian calves increased after supplementation of onion .This increase could be attributed mainly to increase in the digestibility and absorption of protein consumed .

 

Table (6): Effect of treatments on some serum constituents of Zaraibi goats

Item

Time after

Birth

(days)

Group  1

Group 2

Group 3

Group 4

Total Protein

 gm/100ml

7

15

30

60

5.10±0.50

5.25±0.46

5.25±0.57

5.30±0.51

6.15±0.35**

6.17±0.44

6.35±0.65

6.49±0.62

6.40±0.59**

6.55±0.64

6.59±0.62

6.90±0.58

6.94±0.54**

6.98±0.36

7.00±0.49

6.95±0.51

Cholesterol

mg/dl

7

15

30

60

50.65±5.25

50.75±6.21

50.55±6.20

49.95±5.45

42.75±4.56**

43.80±5.12

42.60±5.20

41.95±4.75

45.70±4.20**

44.50±4.50

44.25±4.22

42.33±5.24

44.52±4.06**

43.57±3.49

43.75±3.55

40.50±4.25

HDL

cholesterol

mg/dl

7

15

30

60

30.50±2.44

29.65±2.50

28.45±3.10

27.25±5.67

26.25±2.54**

20.22±2.75

20.25±2.65

18.50±3.12

27.25±2.54**

21.30±2.61

20.50±2.75

19.25±3.05

24.50±2.50**

22.55±2.75

19.45±3.25

18.65±3.50

Triglycerides

mg/dl

7

15

30

60

25.50±2.05

24.25±2.14

26.22±2.25

24.50±2.08

19.25±2.33**

20.45±3.12

22.50±2.95

20.50±2.77

20.50±2.25**

19.20±3.75

23.95±3.45

21.25±3.50

20.50±2.03**

19.52±2.12

20.25±2.03

19.20±2.10

Glucose mg/dl

7

15

30

60

105.50±11.61

103.25±10.95

102.20±12.26

102.45±11.95

95.55±8.59**

94.25±9.20

93.22±7.95

94.22±7.66

93.50±7.95**

92.25±7.52

92.50±8.05

93.22±8.25

90.25±6.50**

85.50±7.35

86.25±7.25

83.50±8.25

RBCs 10 6/ml

7

15

30

60

5.50±0.49

5.25±0.42

4.95±0.35

5.35±0.50

3.25±0.36**

3.50±0.45

3.95±0.55

3.50±0.43

5.90±0.45**

5.95±0.50

6.55±0.55

6.95±0.60

5.95±0.44**

5.65±0.52

5.55±0.45

5.20±0.40

WBCs 10 3/ml

7

15

30

60

9.50±0.95

9.25±0.99

9.95±1.25

10.20±1.50

11.75±1.02**

11.50±1.23

11.75±1.09

11.25±1.25

11.25±1.35**

11.00±1.02

11.05±2.05

11.26±1.95

11.50±1.01**

11.35±0.95

11.64±0.99

11.95±0.99

** : highly sig. at p<0.05 between examined groups

 

Results showed in table (6) revealed that onion and garlic were significantly associated with a decreased  level of serum cholesterol and HDL cholesterol in goats and also a significant decreased in the level of triglycerides. This results may be accompanied by suppression in initial mobilization of tissue lipids into circulation (Lau et al., 1987). This result agreed with Kumar et al. (1998) and Kumar et al. (2000), who found that onion and garlic cause decrease in plasma cholesterol, esterified cholesterol, high density lipoprotein cholesterol, low density lipoprotein cholesterol content in both sexes in Japanese quails.

Onion and garlic caused a significantly lowered in  the level of serum glucose table (6). These results were in partial agreement with those obtained by Abdo et al. (1983), El-Nahla (1983), El-Nawawi (1991) and Osman (1997) who attributed this hypoglycemic activity of onion to the better utilization of glucose by the cells in the absence of insulin secretion by the pancrease, but the exact mechanism is not well understood .

Results in table (6) showed a higher counts of WBCs, this result is coincided with the postulate given by  Hariedy, (1977) and El-Feel et al. (1999). Also table (6) show a significant decrease in the  RBCs count specially in group (2) which received onion, This result agree with Knight et al. (2000), who found that a diet consisting of onions (Allium sp.) fed to pregnant ewes produced Heinz body hemolytic anemia in all sheep after 21 days. Also , Selim et al. (1999) showed that sheep fed onions (50 g/Kg body weight / day) for 15 days developed more severe Heinz body hemolytic anemia .  

 Our result concluded that using of garlic and /or onion as feed additive improve daily milk yield, increased feed intake and serum total protein , decreased level of serum cholesterol, HDL cholesterol, triglycerides and serum glucose and cause increase in WBCs count .

Further studies are required in this regard to investigate the best uses of plants for  meat production with different ruminants .

 

REFERENCES

Abdel-Aziz, G.M. (1985): Performance of growing goat kids fed variable concentrate intake.  Ph.D . Thesis, Fac. of Agric. Cairo Univ. Egypt.

Abdel-hafez, G.A (1983): Comparative nutritional studies between sheep and goats M.SC. thesis , Fac. of  Agric, Cairo Univ. Egypt.

Abdo, M. S.; Soad A.M. and El-Nahla, M. A. (1983): Effect of some feed additives on blood constituents of growing Hubbard chickens. Chem. Abstr., 101:37558(Abstr.).

Allam, S. M; El-Hosseiny, H.M.; Abdel-Gawad, A.M.; El-Saadany, S.A. and Zeid, A.M.M. (1999): Effect of using some medicinal herbs and plants as feed additines on zaraibi goat performance. Egyptian J. Nutrition and feeds (1999) 2 (especial Issue):346-365.

Allain,C.C.; Poon,L.s; Chan,C.S.G.; Richmond, W.and Fu,P.C(1974): Enzymatic determination of total serum cholesterol.clin.chem.20:470-475.

Aqel, M,B.; Gharaibah, M.N. and Salhab, A.S.(1991):Direct relaxant effects of garlic Juice on smooth and  cardiac muscles. J. of Ethnopharma-cology,33,1-2:13.

A.O.A.C, (1990):Official Methods of Analysis(15thEd.). Association of Official Analytical Chemists, Arlington, VA.USA.

Conway, E.J. (1962): Microcledusion Analysis and Volumetric Error . 5th Ed. Crosky Lokwood and Sons Ltd.,London

 Dewit, C.; Noterman, S.; Gorin, N. and Kampefinacher, H. E. (1979): Effect of garlic oil or onion oil on toxin production by C. botulinum in meat slurry .J.Food Prot.45: 1007.

Doumas, B.I. (1975) : Aburit colorimetric method for determination of total protein. Clin. Chem. 21:1159 – 1166.

Dubowski, K.M. (1962): An O-toluidine method for body fluid glucose determination . Clin.Chem. 8:215-235.

El-Feel, F.M.R.; Abd El-Ghani , A.A.; El-Barody , M.A.A. and Fahmy S.T.M. (1999): Effect of feeding onion wasts and virginamycin on growth performance , rumen activity , blood and immunology parameters in growing Frisian and buffalo calves. Alex. J.Agric.Res.44 (1): 1-16.

El-Nahla, A.M.M. (1983): Effect of some feed additives on blood constituents and growth rate in chickens. M. Sc. Thesis , Fac. Vet. Med., Cairo Univ.

El-Nawawi, G.H. (1991): Some of non conventional ingredients in broiler ration . M. Sc. Thesis , Fac. Of Agric., Ain Shams Univ.

Hanafy, M.S. M.; Shalaby, S.M.; El- Fouly , M. A. A.; Abdel-Aziz; M.I. and Soliman , F.A. (1994): Effect of garlic on lead contents in chicken tissues . Detsche , Trerarztliche Wochens-Chrift. 101 :4,157.

Hariedy, M.A. (1977): Biological and Chemical Studies on Egyptian onion and garlic .M. Sc. Thesis , Fac. Of  Agric. Cairo Univ.

Horton, G.M.J.; Blethen, D.B. and Prasad, B.M. (1991):The effect of garlic (Allium Sativum) on feed palatibility of horses and feed consumption , selected performance and blood parameters in sheep and swine.

IP, C.; Birringer, M.; Block , E. ; Kotrebai , M.; Tyson , J.F.;Uden , P.C. and Lisk, D.J. (2000):Chemical speciation influences comparative activity of selenium enriched garlic and yeast in mammary cancer prevention . Journal of Agri. and Food Chemistry , 48 : 6 , 2062 – 2070.

Kavindra, S.; Shalini, N.; Singh , K. and Nagaich , S. (2000): Studies on the anthelmintic activity of Allium Sativum (Garlic) oil on common poultry worms Ascaridia galli and Hetrakis gallinae . Journal of Parasitology and Applied Animal Biology . 9: 1, 47-52.

Kendler, B.S. (1987): Garlic (Allium Sativum) and Onion (Allium Cepa) . A review of their relation ship to cardio vascular disease . Prev. Med. 16: 670 – 685 .

Khaled ,N.F. (2001): Interactions between nutrition , blood metabolic profile and milk composition in dairy goats . Ph.D. Thesis Univ. of Vet. And Pharmaceutical sciences Brono , Czech Republic .pp 218.

Khalifa , H.A.A. (1972) : Effect of low level of coarse roughage supplement on the rumen fermintation of sheep . Sudan J.Vet.Sci.Anim.Husb. 13 :11.

Knight, A.P.; Lassen, D.; Mcbride, T.; Marsh, D.; Kimberling , C.; Delgado, M.G. and Gould , D. (2000) : Adaptation of pregnant ewes to an exclusive onion diet . Veterinary and Human Toxicology . 42 : 1 , 1-4.

Komaki , H.;Osofaune , K. and Morimoto , I. (1974): Study on polyethelene rope as roughage substitute ration for ruminants .1- Effects on digestibility and VFA ,s in the rumen digesta of the goats . Bull.Coll.Agric. and Vet. Med. Mihan . Univ. , No.31:33.

Koremura , N. ; Hasegawa , T. and Suzuki , T. (1984): Studies on the growth stimulating material in onion to rat. Nutr. Abstr. Rev. ,54: 5019.

Kostner, G.M. (1976): Enzymatic determination of cholesterol in high density lipoprotein fractions prepared by polyanion precipitation . Clin.Chem.22,695-698.

Kshemkalyani, S.B.; Madhavi,B.; Patel,G.S.and Telor , R.(1990): The effect of allicine and extracts of garlic on Asperigillus flavous and Asperigillus parasiticus . Indian J. of Mycology and Plant Path.20 , 3:247.

Kumar, VG.; Jaya, P.Surendranathan , K.P. and Narendranath , R. (1998): Effect of Allium Cepa Linn. And Allium Sativum Linn. On plasma free , esterified and lipoprotein cholesterol in Japanese quails. Indian Journal of Poultry Science. 33:2,142-148.

Kumar, V.G.; Surendranathan , K.P.;Jaya,P.(2000): Effect of Alliums , age and sex on the plasma cholesterol level of Japanese quails. Indian Journal of Poultry Science . 35 : 1 , 95 – 98 .

Lau , B.H.S. ; Lam , F. and Wang Cheng , R. (1987): Effect of an odor – modified garlic preparation on blood lipids . Nutr. Res. 7: 139 – 149 .

Ling , E.R.(1956) : Dairy Chemistry (Text book) Vol.1 Chapman and Hall , Ltd , London .

Mohamed , K.I.(1998): Effect of feeding corn stover treated with ammonia and urea on sheep performance . Ph.D.Thesis , Fac. Of Agric., Assuit Univ.

Mousa, M.T.; Abd El-Ghani, A.A. and Sadiek, A.H. (1998): Influence of feeding different levels of improved corn stover on sheep performance and health . J.Agric.Sci.,Mansoura Univ.23(6) :2416.

N.R.C., (1981): Nutrient requirements of goats , Angora, Dairy and Meat Goats in Temperate and Tropical Countries.15th Ed. , National Academy Press. Washington.D.C.

Osman, A.M.A.; Galal, A. Gh. ;Mohamed , Kh. And Ayoub , F.M. (1997): The use of onion in the diets of broiler chickens . Egyptian J. Nutrition and feeding , pp.289 – 298 . Special issue , Proc. 6th conf. On Animal Nutrition , El-Minia , 17 – 19 Nov.

Petrie , A. and Watson , P. (1999): Statistics for Veterinary and Animal Science . 1st Ed. ,The Blackwell Science Ltd , United Kingdom .

Rode, H.;Wet, P.M.;Cywes, S.D. and Dewit , P.M. (1989) : The antimicrobial effect of Allium Sativum L.(Garlic) .South African J.of sci., 85 , 7 : 462.

Selim, H.M.; Yamato, O.; Tajima, M. and Maede, Y, (1999): Rumen bacteria are involved in the onset of onion – induced hemolytic anemia in sheep.  Journal of Vetrinary Medical Science . 61 : 4, 369 – 374 .

Steger, H.; Voigt, J. and Piatkpwaski , B. (1970) : effect of the ration and sampling time on rumen fluid on its composition in studies on cow . Arch . Tierernahrung , 20 , 439 .

Wahlefeled, A.W.(1974): Triglycerides determination after enzymatic hydrolysis. p: 1831 .FF In: H.U. Bergmeyes , ed . Methods of enzymatic analysis . 2nd english ed. (Transl. From 3rd german ed.) Varly Chemic. Weinheim and Academic Press . Inc. , New York and London 4 vols.

Warner, A.C.I. (1964): Production of volatile fatty acids in the rumen methods of measurments . Nutr.Abst. and Rev. 34 : 339 .

Wintrobe , M.M. (1961): Clinical Haematological 5th ed ., London , Henry Kimpton.